Cheers to a New Year and another chance for us to get it right.
Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey
Friday, December 31
Saturday, December 25
Merry X- Mas
Hi. friends...
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With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
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With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Tuesday, December 14
SEMESTER VIII
MG1352 – TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
(Common to Biomedical, CSE, ECE and IT)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Definition of quality – Dimensions of quality – Quality planning – Quality costs – Analysis techniques for quality costs – Basic concepts of Total Quality Management – Historical review – Principles of TQM – Leadership – Concepts – Role of senior management – Quality Council – Quality statements – Strategic planning – Deming philosophy – Barriers to TQM Implementation.
UNIT II TQM PRINCIPLES 9
Customer satisfaction – Customer perception of quality – Customer complaints – Service quality –Customer retention – Employee involvement – Motivation, empowerment, teams, recognition and reward – Performance appraisal – Benefits – Continuous process improvement – Juran trilogy – PDSA cycle – 5S – Kaizen – Supplier partnership – Partnering – Sourcing – Supplier selection – Supplier rating – Relationship development – Performance measures – Basic concepts – Strategy – Performance measure.
UNIT III STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) 9
The seven tools of quality – Statistical fundamentals – Measures of central tendency and dispersion – Population and sample – Normal curve – Control charts for variables and attributes – Process capability – Concept of six sigma – New seven management tools.
UNIT IV TQM TOOLS 9
Benchmarking – Reasons to benchmark – Benchmarking process – Quality Function Deployment (QFD) – House of quality – QFD process – Benefits – Taguchi quality loss function – Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) – Concept – Improvement needs – FMEA – Stages of FMEA.
UNIT V QUALITY SYSTEMS 9
Need for ISO 9000 and other quality systems – ISO 9000:2000 quality system – Elements – Implementation of quality system – Documentation – Quality auditing – TS 16949 – ISO 14000 – Concept, requirements and benefits.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Dale H. Besterfiled, "Total Quality Management", Pearson Education, Inc. 2003.
2. James R. Evans and William M. Lidsay, "The Management and Control of Quality", 5th Edition, South-Western, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Feigenbaum,A.V., "Total Quality Management", McGraw Hill, 1991.
2. Oakland, J.S., "Total Quality Management", Butterworth Heineman, 1989.
3. Narayana V. and Sreenivasan, N.S., "Quality Management – Concepts and Tasks", New Age International, 1996.
4. Zeiri, "Total Quality Management for Engineers", Wood Head Publishers, 1991.
EC1451 – MOBILE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
UNIT I PRINCIPLES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 10
Digital modulation techniques – Linear modulation techniques – Spread spectrum modulation – Performance of modulation – Multiple access techniques – TDMA – FHMA – CDMA – SDMA – Overview of cellular networks – Cellular concept – Handoff strategies – Path loss – Fading and doppler effect.
UNIT II WIRELESS PROTOCOLS 11
Issues and challenges of wireless networks – Location management – Resource management – Routing – Power management – Security – Wireless media access techniques – ALOHA – CSMA – Wireless LAN – MAN – IEEE 802.11 (a–b–e–f–g–h–i) – Bluetooth. Wireless routing protocols – Mobile IP-IPv4-IPv6 – Wireless TCP – Protocols for 3G and 4G cellular networks – IMT-2000 – UMTS – CDMA2000 – Mobility management and handover Technologies – All-IP based cellular network
UNIT III TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS 9
Mobile networks – Ad-hoc networks – Ad-hoc routing – Sensor networks – Peer-Peer networks. Mobile routing protocols – DSR – AODV – Reactive routing – Location aided routing. Mobility models – Entity based – Group mobility – Random way – Point mobility model.
UNIT IV ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 9
Issues and challenges of mobile networks – Security issues – Authentication in mobile applications – Privacy issues – Power management – Energy awareness computing. Mobile IP and Ad-hoc networks – VoIP applications.
UNIT V SIMULATION 6
Study of various network simulators (GloMoSim-NS2-Opnet) – Designing and evaluating the performance of various transport and routing protocols of mobile and wireless networks using network simulator(any one).
TEXT BOOKS
1. Theodore S. Rappaport, "Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice", PHI, 1996.
2. Stallings, W., "Wireless Communications and Networks", PHI, 2001.
REFERENCES
1. Schiller, J., "Mobile Communications", Addison Wesley, 2000.
2. Lee, W.C.Y., "Mobile Communications Engineering: Theory and Applications", 2nd Edition, TMH, 1997.
3. Pahlavan, K. and Krishnamurthy, P., "Principles of Wireless Networks", PHI, 2002.
4. Black, U.D., "Mobile and Wireless Networks", PHI, 1996.
5. Charles E. Perkins., "Ad-Hoc Networking", Addison – Wesley, 2000.
6. IEEE Journals and Proceedings
EC1011 – OPTO ELECTRONIC DEVICES
UNIT I ELEMENTS OF LIGHT AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS 9
Wave nature of light – Polarization – Interference – Diffraction – Light source – Review of quantum
mechanical concept – Review of solid state physics – Review of semiconductor physics and
semiconductor junction device.
UNIT II DISPLAY DEVICES AND LASERS 9
Introduction – Photo luminescence – Cathode luminescence – Electro luminescence – Injection
luminescence – LED – Plasma display – Liquid Crystal Displays – Numeric displays – Laser
emission – Absorption – Radiation – Population inversion – Optical feedback – Threshold condition
– Laser modes – Classes of lasers – Mode locking – Laser applications.
UNIT III OPTICAL DETECTION DEVICES 9
Photo detector – Thermal detector – Photo devices – Photo conductors – Photo diodes – Detector
performance.
UNIT IV OPTOELECTRONIC MODULATOR 9
Introduction – Analog and digital modulation – Electro-optic modulators – Magneto optic devices –
Acoustoptic devices – Optical – Switching and logic devices.
UNIT V OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 9
Introduction – Hybrid and monolithic integration – Application of opto-electronic Integrated circuits
– Integrated transmitters and receivers – Guided wave devices.
Total: 45
TEXTBOOK
1. Wilson, J. and Haukes, J., "Opto Electronics – An Introduction", PHI Pvt. Ltd., 1995.
REFERENCES
1. Bhattacharya, "Semiconductor Opto Electronic Devices", PHI Pvt., Ltd., 1995.
2. Jasprit Singh, "Opto Electronics – As Introduction to Materials and Devices", TMH
International Edition, 1998.
CS1002 – DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
(Common to CSE, ECE and IT)
UNIT I DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS AND TRANSFORMS 9
Elements of visual perception – Image sampling and quantization basic relationship between pixels – Basic Geometric transformations – Introduction to fourier transform and DFT – Properties Of 2D fourier transform – FFT – Separable image transforms – Walsh – Hadamard – Discrete cosine transform, haar, slant – Karhunen – Loeve transforms.
UNIT II IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES 9
Spatial domain methods – Basic grey level transformation – Histogram equalization – Image subtraction – Image averaging – Spatial filtering: smoothing, sharpening filters – Laplacian filters – Frequency domain filters: smoothing – Sharpening filters – Homomorphic filtering.
UNIT III IMAGE RESTORATION 9
Model of image degradation/restoration process – Noise models – Inverse filtering – Least mean square filtering – Constrained least mean square filtering – Blind image restoration – Pseudo inverse – Singular value decomposition.
UNIT IV IMAGE COMPRESSION 9
Lossless compression: variable length coding – LZW coding – Bit plane coding– Predictive coding– DPCM. Lossy compression: transform Coding – Wavelet coding – Basics of image compression standards: JPEG, MPEG – Basics of vector quantization.
UNIT V IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND REPRESENTATION 9
Edge detection – Thresholding – Region based segmentation – Boundary representation: Chair codes– Polygonal approximation – Boundary segments – Boundary descriptors: Simple descriptors– Fourier descriptors – Regional descriptors – Simple descriptors– Texture.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, "Digital Image Processing", 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
2. William K. Pratt, "Digital Image Processing", John Willey, 2001.
REFERENCES
1. Millman Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac, Roger Boyle, Broos/Colic, Thompson Learniy, Vision, "Image Processing Analysis and Machine", 1999.
2. Jain, A.K., Phi," Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing", 1995.
3. Chanda Dutta Magundar , "Digital Image Processing and Applications", PHI, 2000.
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Friday, December 10
Electricity Bill FOR TAMILNADU
Hi.. Friends..
Hope you are doing well..
Nowadays, technologies are very much improved.
We can pay the Electricity bill through online (*Only For Tamil Nadu) by credit/debit or net banking.
Now only the system is introduced in whole Tamil Nadu.
For this you have to register in the following website with your service no. https://www.tnebnet.org/awp/TNEB/index.php.
Use internet explorer if you face any problem. Don't save the password in IE as well as other browsers.
You can make multiple transactions also.
I've just embedded the photo for your reference.
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Hope you are doing well..
Nowadays, technologies are very much improved.
We can pay the Electricity bill through online (*Only For Tamil Nadu) by credit/debit or net banking.
Now only the system is introduced in whole Tamil Nadu.
For this you have to register in the following website with your service no. https://www.tnebnet.org/awp/TNEB/index.php.
Use internet explorer if you face any problem. Don't save the password in IE as well as other browsers.
You can make multiple transactions also.
I've just embedded the photo for your reference.
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Friday, November 26
Recruitment For Final Years*
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Thursday, November 11
Model Questions II
HI friends...
Hope you all preparing for the sem..
I've attached d model questions 4 ur ref..
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/11/11/1289479601-vsara90-attachments.zip
Hope you all preparing for the sem..
I've attached d model questions 4 ur ref..
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/11/11/1289479601-vsara90-attachments.zip
Courtesy: Praveena
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Wednesday, November 10
Satellite Communication Important Questions
Hi.. Friends..
I've attached d Sat Impo. Q's.
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/11/10/1289411744-vsara90-ec1015-satellite_communication.pdf.zip
Courtesy: Mrs. Johnsi Rani (ECE)
I've attached d Sat Impo. Q's.
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/11/10/1289411744-vsara90-ec1015-satellite_communication.pdf.zip
| This question covers old syllabus(5 units)& new syllabus(4 units) i.e. you no need to study 5th unit questions mentioned in the pdf. Instead of that you have to study our 5th unit -GIS material. |
Courtesy: Mrs. Johnsi Rani (ECE)
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
ECE 7th Semester Model Questions
HI friends...
Hope you all preparing for the sem..
I've attached d model questions 4 ur ref..
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/11/10/1289386564-vsara90-attachments.zip
Courtesy: Praveena
-- Hope you all preparing for the sem..
I've attached d model questions 4 ur ref..
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/11/10/1289386564-vsara90-attachments.zip
Courtesy: Praveena
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Wednesday, November 3
HAPPY DIWALI !!!
Hi. Friends..
If u want to become a great man in the world. Spend your life like a candle.
The festival of lights is just around the corner.
- Wish you all a Very Happy Diwali!!
- Let me make your Diwali more colorful with the lights of wishes of my heart.
- On this diwali, I am sending you a diya of my love, I hope you will keep it lighted forver.
- Happy Diwali!!
Happy Diwali ( I've added this video for you. Click that link)
-- With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
Monday, November 1
Airliner Black Boxes
The "black box" is a generic term for two recording devices carried aboard commercial airliners. The Flight Data Recorder (FDR) records a variety of parameters related to the operation and flight characteristics of the plane. The Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) records the voices of the flight crew, engine noise, and any other sounds in the cockpit. All large commercial airliners and certain varieties of smaller commercial, corporate, and private aircraft are required by law to carry one or both of these boxes, which generally cost between $10,000 and $15,000 apiece. The data these devices provide is often invaluable to experts investigating the events leading up to an accident. The recovery of the boxes is one of the highest priorities in any mishap investigation, second only to locating survivors or recovering the remains of victims. FDR information is also often used to study other aviation safety issues, engine performance, and to identify potential maintenance
issues. 
Example of a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Despite the nickname "black box," the FDR and CVR are actually painted a bright high-visibility orange with white reflecting strips to make them easier to spot at a crash scene. The meaning of the term black box itself is somewhat unclear. Some suggest it refers to the black charring that occurs in a post-crash fire while others believe the color black is a reference to the deaths often associated with an accident investigation. The design of modern black boxes is regulated by a group called the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ICAO determines what information the black boxes must record, over what length of time it is saved, and how survivable the boxes must be. The ICAO delegates much of this responsibility to the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) that maintains a document called the Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems. Black boxes first began to appear in the 1950s and became mandatory during the 1960s. These early devices used magnetic tape for data storage, much like that used in a tape recorder. As the tape is pulled over an electromagnetic head, sound or numerical data is recorded on the medium. Analog black boxes using magnetic tape are still present aboard many planes, but these recording devices are no longer manufactured. Newer recorders instead use solid-state memory boards, called a Crash Survivable Memory Unit (CSMU), that record data in a digital format. Instead of the moving parts present in older recorders, solid-state devices use stacked arrays of memory chips similar to a USB memory stick. The lack of moving parts eases maintenance while reducing the chance of a critical component breaking in a crash. Solid-state recorders can also save considerably more data than older magnetic tape devices and are more resistant to shock, vibration, and moisture.
Magnetic tape from within the FDR of EgyptAir 990 that crashed in 1999 Whatever the medium used to record the data, the purpose of the black boxes is to collect information from various sensors aboard an aircraft. The Cockpit Voice Recorder, for example, saves sounds from microphones located on the flight deck. An area microphone is typically placed in the overhead instrument panel between the pilots, and an additional microphone is located in the headset of each member of the flight crew. These microphones pick up conversations between the flight crew, engine noises, audible warning alarms, landing gear sounds, clicks from moving switches, and any other noises like pops or thuds that might occur in the cockpit. The CVR also records communications with Air Traffic Control, automated radio weather briefings, and conversations between the pilots and ground or cabin crew. These sounds often allow investigators to determine the time of key events and system failures. Analog magnetic tape recorders are required to store four audio channels for at least 30 minutes while digital solid-state devices are required to record for two hours. Both types use continuous recording such that older information is written over as new data is collected beyond the maximum time limit.
Sample data recovered from a Flight Data Recorder The Flight Data Recorder collects data from a number of sensors to monitor information like accelerations, airspeed, altitude, heading, attitudes, cockpit control positions, thermometers, engine gauges, fuel flow, control surface positions, autopilot status, switch positions, and a variety of other parameters. Most parameters are recorded a few times per second but some FDRs can record bursts of data at higher frequencies when inputs are changing rapidly. The data measured by the different sensors is collected by the Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU). This device is typically located in an equipment bay at the front of the aircraft beneath the flight deck. The FDAU assembles the desired information in the proper format and passes it on to the FDR at the rear of the plane for recording. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) required the FDR to record between 11 and 29 parameters, depending on aircraft size, up to 2002 but now requires saving a minimum of 88 sets of data. Analog FDRs can save a maximum of around 100 variables while digital recorders are often capable of collecting over 1,000 parameters over the course of 25 hours.
Diagram of data flow to aircraft black boxes Power for the black boxes is provided by electrical generators connected to the engines. The generators on most large airliners produce a standard output of 115 volt, 400 hertz AC power while some smaller planes instead generate 28 volt DC power. Black boxes are typically designed to use only AC or DC power but not either one. Recorders built for compatibility with the AC power supplies on larger planes cannot be used on small DC-powered aircraft. In the event of engine failure, larger aircraft are also equipped with emergency backup power sources like the auxiliary power generator and ram air turbine to continue operating the black boxes. In addition, the ICAO is considering making a battery mandatory on solid-state recorders to provide an independent power supply in the event of a complete power failure aboard the plane. A common misconception states that the black boxes are "indestructible." No manmade device is indestructible, and no material has ever been developed that cannot be destroyed under severe enough conditions. The black boxes are instead designed to be highly survivable in a crash. In many of the worst aviation accidents, the only devices to survive in working order are the Crash Survivable Memory Units (CSMUs) in the black boxes. The remainder of the recorders, including the external case and other internal components, are often heavily damaged.
Interior cut-away of a black box design The CSMU, however, is contained within a very compact cylindrical or rectangular box designed to safeguard the data within against extreme conditions. The box is composed of three layers to provide different types of protection to the recording medium. The outermost shell is a case made of hardened steel or titanium designed to survive intense impact and pressure damage. The second layer is an insulation box while the third is a thermal block to protect against severe fire and heat. Together, these three layered cases allow the FDR and CVR to survive in all but the most extreme crash conditions. Current regulations require the black boxes to survive an impact of 3,400 g's for up to 6.5 milliseconds. This rapid deceleration is equivalent to slowing from a speed of 310 miles per hour (500 km/h) to a complete stop in a distance of just 18 inches (45 cm). This requirement is tested by firing the CSMU from an air cannon to demonstrate the device can withstand an impact force at least 3,400 times its own weight. The black boxes must also survive a penetration test during which a steel pin dropped from a height of 10 ft (3 m) impacts the CSMU at its most vulnerable point with a force of 500 pounds (2,225 N). In addition, a static crush test is conducted to demonstrate that all sides of the CSMU can withstand a pressure of 5,000 pounds per square inch (350 kg/cm�) for five minutes. The fire resistance of the CSMU is further tested by exposing it to a temperature of 2,000�F (1,100�C) for up to an hour. The device is also required to survive after lying in smoldering wreckage for ten hours at a temperature of 500�F (260�C).
Underwater Locator Beacon on a black box Other requirements specify survivability limits when immersed in liquids. The CSMU must endure the water pressure found at an ocean depth of 20,000 ft (6,100 m), and a deep-sea submersion test is conducted for 24 hours. Another saltwater submersion test lasting 30 days demonstrates both the survivability of the CSMU and the function of an Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB), or "pinger," that emits an ultrasonic signal once a second when immersed in water. These signals can be transmitted as deep 14,000 ft (4,270 m) and are detectable by sonar to help locate the recorders. A final series of tests includes submerging the CSMU in various fluids like jet fuel and fire extinguishing chemicals to verify the device can withstand the corrosive effects of such liquids. Upon completion of the testing, the black boxes are disassembled and the CSMU boards are extracted. The boards are then reassembled in a new case and attached to a readout system to verify that the pre-recorded data written to the device can still be read and processed. Another factor important to the survivability of the black boxes is their installation in the tail of the aircraft. The exact location often varies depending on the plane, but the FDR and CVR are usually placed near the galley, in the aft cargo hold, or in the tail cone. The recorders are stored in the tail since this is usually the last part of the aircraft to impact in an accident. The entire front portion of the plane acts like a crush zone that helps to decelerate the tail more slowly. This effect reduces the shock experienced by the recorders and helps to cushion the devices to improve their chances of surviving the crash.
Flight Data Recorder recovered from United Airlines 93 in 2001 Once the black boxes have been located following an accident, they are typically taken into custody by an aviation safety agency for analysis. In the United States, responsibility for investigating most air accidents belongs to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Many countries lacking the capability to analyze black boxes also send their recorders to the computer labs of the NTSB or some of the better-equipped investigative organizations in Western nations. Care must be taken in recovering and transporting the recorders so that no further damage is done to the devices that might prevent important data from being extracted. Upon receipt of the recorders, the NTSB uses a series of computer and audio equipment to process and analyze any information that can be recovered. The data is translated into formats readily usable by investigators and is usually critical in identifying the probable cause(s) of the accident. This process may take many weeks or months depending on the condition of the black boxes and the level of processing required to make sense of the data. Outside experts are also often consulted to help analyze and interpret the data.
Animation image created using FDR data from American Airlines 587 that crashed in 2001
Flight Data Recorder information is typically presented in the form of graphs or animations used to understand instrument readings, flight characteristics, and the performance of the aircraft during its final moments. Cockpit Voice Recorder information is usually more sensitive and laws strictly regulate how it is handled. A committee including representatives of the NTSB, FAA, the airline, the manufacturers of the aircraft and engines, and the pilots union is responsible for preparing a transcript of the CVR's contents. This transcript is painstakingly created using air traffic control logs and sound spectrum analysis software to provide exact timing. Although the transcript can be released to the public, only select and pertinent portions of the actual audio recording are made public due to privacy concerns.
Flight recorder design has improved considerably since the devices were first introduced in the 1950s. However, no recording device is perfect. Black boxes are sometimes never found or too badly damaged to recover some or all of the data from a crash. To reduce the likelihood of damage or loss, some more recent designs are self-ejecting and use the energy of impact to separate themselves from the aircraft. Loss of electrical power is also a common event in aviation accicents, such as Swissair Flight 111 when the black boxes were inoperative for the last six minutes of flight due to aircraft power failure. Several safety organizations have recommended providing the recorders with a backup battery to operate the devices for up to ten minutes if power is interrupted.
Cockpit Voice Recorder recovered from United Airlines 93 in 2001
Another recommendation is to add a second independent set of recorders on a separate electrical bus to insure redundancy in the event of a system failure. The additional recorders would be located as close to the cockpit as possible while the existing black boxes remain in the tail to reduce the likelihood of a single failure incapacitating both sets. Accident investigators have also argued for the installation of a third black box to record cockpit video. Though pilots have so far resisted the move because of privacy issues, video data would be useful to better understand pilot actions in the moments leading up to an accident.
-
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Example of a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Despite the nickname "black box," the FDR and CVR are actually painted a bright high-visibility orange with white reflecting strips to make them easier to spot at a crash scene. The meaning of the term black box itself is somewhat unclear. Some suggest it refers to the black charring that occurs in a post-crash fire while others believe the color black is a reference to the deaths often associated with an accident investigation. The design of modern black boxes is regulated by a group called the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ICAO determines what information the black boxes must record, over what length of time it is saved, and how survivable the boxes must be. The ICAO delegates much of this responsibility to the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) that maintains a document called the Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems. Black boxes first began to appear in the 1950s and became mandatory during the 1960s. These early devices used magnetic tape for data storage, much like that used in a tape recorder. As the tape is pulled over an electromagnetic head, sound or numerical data is recorded on the medium. Analog black boxes using magnetic tape are still present aboard many planes, but these recording devices are no longer manufactured. Newer recorders instead use solid-state memory boards, called a Crash Survivable Memory Unit (CSMU), that record data in a digital format. Instead of the moving parts present in older recorders, solid-state devices use stacked arrays of memory chips similar to a USB memory stick. The lack of moving parts eases maintenance while reducing the chance of a critical component breaking in a crash. Solid-state recorders can also save considerably more data than older magnetic tape devices and are more resistant to shock, vibration, and moisture.
Magnetic tape from within the FDR of EgyptAir 990 that crashed in 1999 Whatever the medium used to record the data, the purpose of the black boxes is to collect information from various sensors aboard an aircraft. The Cockpit Voice Recorder, for example, saves sounds from microphones located on the flight deck. An area microphone is typically placed in the overhead instrument panel between the pilots, and an additional microphone is located in the headset of each member of the flight crew. These microphones pick up conversations between the flight crew, engine noises, audible warning alarms, landing gear sounds, clicks from moving switches, and any other noises like pops or thuds that might occur in the cockpit. The CVR also records communications with Air Traffic Control, automated radio weather briefings, and conversations between the pilots and ground or cabin crew. These sounds often allow investigators to determine the time of key events and system failures. Analog magnetic tape recorders are required to store four audio channels for at least 30 minutes while digital solid-state devices are required to record for two hours. Both types use continuous recording such that older information is written over as new data is collected beyond the maximum time limit.
Sample data recovered from a Flight Data Recorder The Flight Data Recorder collects data from a number of sensors to monitor information like accelerations, airspeed, altitude, heading, attitudes, cockpit control positions, thermometers, engine gauges, fuel flow, control surface positions, autopilot status, switch positions, and a variety of other parameters. Most parameters are recorded a few times per second but some FDRs can record bursts of data at higher frequencies when inputs are changing rapidly. The data measured by the different sensors is collected by the Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU). This device is typically located in an equipment bay at the front of the aircraft beneath the flight deck. The FDAU assembles the desired information in the proper format and passes it on to the FDR at the rear of the plane for recording. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) required the FDR to record between 11 and 29 parameters, depending on aircraft size, up to 2002 but now requires saving a minimum of 88 sets of data. Analog FDRs can save a maximum of around 100 variables while digital recorders are often capable of collecting over 1,000 parameters over the course of 25 hours.
Diagram of data flow to aircraft black boxes Power for the black boxes is provided by electrical generators connected to the engines. The generators on most large airliners produce a standard output of 115 volt, 400 hertz AC power while some smaller planes instead generate 28 volt DC power. Black boxes are typically designed to use only AC or DC power but not either one. Recorders built for compatibility with the AC power supplies on larger planes cannot be used on small DC-powered aircraft. In the event of engine failure, larger aircraft are also equipped with emergency backup power sources like the auxiliary power generator and ram air turbine to continue operating the black boxes. In addition, the ICAO is considering making a battery mandatory on solid-state recorders to provide an independent power supply in the event of a complete power failure aboard the plane. A common misconception states that the black boxes are "indestructible." No manmade device is indestructible, and no material has ever been developed that cannot be destroyed under severe enough conditions. The black boxes are instead designed to be highly survivable in a crash. In many of the worst aviation accidents, the only devices to survive in working order are the Crash Survivable Memory Units (CSMUs) in the black boxes. The remainder of the recorders, including the external case and other internal components, are often heavily damaged.
Interior cut-away of a black box design The CSMU, however, is contained within a very compact cylindrical or rectangular box designed to safeguard the data within against extreme conditions. The box is composed of three layers to provide different types of protection to the recording medium. The outermost shell is a case made of hardened steel or titanium designed to survive intense impact and pressure damage. The second layer is an insulation box while the third is a thermal block to protect against severe fire and heat. Together, these three layered cases allow the FDR and CVR to survive in all but the most extreme crash conditions. Current regulations require the black boxes to survive an impact of 3,400 g's for up to 6.5 milliseconds. This rapid deceleration is equivalent to slowing from a speed of 310 miles per hour (500 km/h) to a complete stop in a distance of just 18 inches (45 cm). This requirement is tested by firing the CSMU from an air cannon to demonstrate the device can withstand an impact force at least 3,400 times its own weight. The black boxes must also survive a penetration test during which a steel pin dropped from a height of 10 ft (3 m) impacts the CSMU at its most vulnerable point with a force of 500 pounds (2,225 N). In addition, a static crush test is conducted to demonstrate that all sides of the CSMU can withstand a pressure of 5,000 pounds per square inch (350 kg/cm�) for five minutes. The fire resistance of the CSMU is further tested by exposing it to a temperature of 2,000�F (1,100�C) for up to an hour. The device is also required to survive after lying in smoldering wreckage for ten hours at a temperature of 500�F (260�C).
Underwater Locator Beacon on a black box Other requirements specify survivability limits when immersed in liquids. The CSMU must endure the water pressure found at an ocean depth of 20,000 ft (6,100 m), and a deep-sea submersion test is conducted for 24 hours. Another saltwater submersion test lasting 30 days demonstrates both the survivability of the CSMU and the function of an Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB), or "pinger," that emits an ultrasonic signal once a second when immersed in water. These signals can be transmitted as deep 14,000 ft (4,270 m) and are detectable by sonar to help locate the recorders. A final series of tests includes submerging the CSMU in various fluids like jet fuel and fire extinguishing chemicals to verify the device can withstand the corrosive effects of such liquids. Upon completion of the testing, the black boxes are disassembled and the CSMU boards are extracted. The boards are then reassembled in a new case and attached to a readout system to verify that the pre-recorded data written to the device can still be read and processed. Another factor important to the survivability of the black boxes is their installation in the tail of the aircraft. The exact location often varies depending on the plane, but the FDR and CVR are usually placed near the galley, in the aft cargo hold, or in the tail cone. The recorders are stored in the tail since this is usually the last part of the aircraft to impact in an accident. The entire front portion of the plane acts like a crush zone that helps to decelerate the tail more slowly. This effect reduces the shock experienced by the recorders and helps to cushion the devices to improve their chances of surviving the crash.
Flight Data Recorder recovered from United Airlines 93 in 2001 Once the black boxes have been located following an accident, they are typically taken into custody by an aviation safety agency for analysis. In the United States, responsibility for investigating most air accidents belongs to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Many countries lacking the capability to analyze black boxes also send their recorders to the computer labs of the NTSB or some of the better-equipped investigative organizations in Western nations. Care must be taken in recovering and transporting the recorders so that no further damage is done to the devices that might prevent important data from being extracted. Upon receipt of the recorders, the NTSB uses a series of computer and audio equipment to process and analyze any information that can be recovered. The data is translated into formats readily usable by investigators and is usually critical in identifying the probable cause(s) of the accident. This process may take many weeks or months depending on the condition of the black boxes and the level of processing required to make sense of the data. Outside experts are also often consulted to help analyze and interpret the data.
Animation image created using FDR data from American Airlines 587 that crashed in 2001
Flight Data Recorder information is typically presented in the form of graphs or animations used to understand instrument readings, flight characteristics, and the performance of the aircraft during its final moments. Cockpit Voice Recorder information is usually more sensitive and laws strictly regulate how it is handled. A committee including representatives of the NTSB, FAA, the airline, the manufacturers of the aircraft and engines, and the pilots union is responsible for preparing a transcript of the CVR's contents. This transcript is painstakingly created using air traffic control logs and sound spectrum analysis software to provide exact timing. Although the transcript can be released to the public, only select and pertinent portions of the actual audio recording are made public due to privacy concerns.
Flight recorder design has improved considerably since the devices were first introduced in the 1950s. However, no recording device is perfect. Black boxes are sometimes never found or too badly damaged to recover some or all of the data from a crash. To reduce the likelihood of damage or loss, some more recent designs are self-ejecting and use the energy of impact to separate themselves from the aircraft. Loss of electrical power is also a common event in aviation accicents, such as Swissair Flight 111 when the black boxes were inoperative for the last six minutes of flight due to aircraft power failure. Several safety organizations have recommended providing the recorders with a backup battery to operate the devices for up to ten minutes if power is interrupted.
Cockpit Voice Recorder recovered from United Airlines 93 in 2001
Another recommendation is to add a second independent set of recorders on a separate electrical bus to insure redundancy in the event of a system failure. The additional recorders would be located as close to the cockpit as possible while the existing black boxes remain in the tail to reduce the likelihood of a single failure incapacitating both sets. Accident investigators have also argued for the installation of a third black box to record cockpit video. Though pilots have so far resisted the move because of privacy issues, video data would be useful to better understand pilot actions in the moments leading up to an accident.
-
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Tuesday, October 26
Ebooks
| Online free ebooks | http://www.onlinefreeebooks.net |
| Memoware | http://www.memoware.com |
| Ebooks | http://www.artikel-software.com/blog/ |
| Free ebooks | http://www.getfreeebooks.com |
| Ebooks | http://www.bin95.com/ebooks/ |
| Ebooks | http://www.chemicalebooks.com |
| Ebooks | http://www.ebook3000.com |
| FreeBooks Club | http://www.freebooksclub.net |
| Engineering Ebooks | http://www.4ebooks.org |
| Ebooks | http://www.ebookaktiv.com |
| Ebooks | http://www.seribd.com/doc/w1540591/ |
| Ebooks | http://www.free4vn.org/f186/ebooks-engineer |
News Websites
| Hindu | http://www.thehindu.in |
| Times of india | http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |
| Ndtv.com | http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/default.aspx |
| Google news | http://www.news.google.com |
| Zee news | http://www.zeenews.com |
| BBC news | http://news.bbc.co.uk |
| Yahoo news | http://in.news.yahoo.com |
| DD news | http://www.ddinews.gov.in |
| Indiainfo.com | http://news.indiainfo.com |
| CNN news | http://www.cnn.com |
| DNA News | http://www.dnaindia.com |
| Indian Express | http://www.indianexpress.com |
| Dinamalar | http://www.dinamalar.com |
| Dinakaran | http://www.dinakaran.com |
| Dailythanthi | http://www.dailythanthi.com |
| News today | http://newstodaynet.com |
Job websites
| Naukri | http://www.naukri.com |
| Recruit.net | http://www.recruit.net |
| Monster | http://www.monster.com |
| Jobserve | http://www.jobserve.com |
| Jobonline | http://www.jobonline.com |
| Career jobs | http://www.careerjobs.com |
| Career site | http://www.careersite.com |
| Best jobs | http://www.bestjobs.com |
| Top jobs | http://www.tobjobs.com |
| Job Options | http://www.joboptions.com |
| It jobs | http://www.itjobs.com |
| Computer jobs | http://www.computerjobs.com |
| Fit jobs | http://www.fitjobs.co.cc |
| Ceweekly | http://www.ceweekly.com |
| Hot jobs | http://www.hotjobs.com |
| Jobs | http://www.jobs.com |
| Jobs today | http://www.jobstoday.com |
| Click jobs | http://www.clickjobs.com |
Wednesday, October 20
Optical Communication and Networks Model Question Papers for 7th ECE
Hi friends....
Here s link for OCN model question papers..
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/10/20/1287598234-vsara90-MODEL_QUESTION_PAPERS.pdf
Courtesy: Mrs. K. Ambujam Asst. Prof (ECE) @ JJCET
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Here s link for OCN model question papers..
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/10/20/1287598234-vsara90-MODEL_QUESTION_PAPERS.pdf
Courtesy: Mrs. K. Ambujam Asst. Prof (ECE) @ JJCET
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Thursday, October 14
Satellite V unit material
| Hi Friends.... |
I've enclosed the link for the Satellite communication Vth Unit materials...
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/10/14/1287075507-vsara90-satellite_v_unit.doc.zip
(Change the font size n take print out)
Password to open : student
Reply me if there any problem in this document.
Courtesy: Mrs. Johnsi Rani, (ECE) Ass. Prof in JJCET
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
System Design Lab Prog.
SQUARE WAVE
.MMREGS
.TEXT
ldp #100h
splk #7FFH,00h
l3: out 00H,04h
call l1
splk #0FFH,01h
out 01h,04h
call l1
b l3
l1: lar ar3,#0FFh
l2: mar *,ar3
banz l2,*-
ret
TRIANGULAR
ldp #100h
splk #00h,00h
l3: lar ar2,#45h
l1: out 00h,04h
lacc 00h
add #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l1,*-
lar ar2,#45h
l2: out 00h,04
lacc 00h
sub #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l2 b l3
.MMREGS
.TEXT
ldp #100h
splk #7FFH,00h
l3: out 00H,04h
call l1
splk #0FFH,01h
out 01h,04h
call l1
b l3
l1: lar ar3,#0FFh
l2: mar *,ar3
banz l2,*-
ret
TRIANGULAR
ldp #100h
splk #00h,00h
l3: lar ar2,#45h
l1: out 00h,04h
lacc 00h
add #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l1,*-
lar ar2,#45h
l2: out 00h,04
lacc 00h
sub #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l2 b l3
Hi.. Friends..
I've posted d program for triangular and square wave generation..
SQUARE WAVE
.MMREGS
.TEXT
ldp #100h
splk #7FFH,00h
l3: out 00H,04h
call l1
splk #0FFH,01h
out 01h,04h
call l1
b l3
l1: lar ar3,#0FFh
l2: mar *,ar3
banz l2,*-
ret
TRIANGULAR
ldp #100h
splk #00h,00h
l3: lar ar2,#45h
l1: out 00h,04h
lacc 00h
add #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l1,*-
lar ar2,#45h
l2: out 00h,04
lacc 00h
sub #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l2
b l3
This is d program hav to enter on to the kit..
Dont need to write old programs with opcode in exam..
(If you've written correctly ignore it)
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
I've posted d program for triangular and square wave generation..
SQUARE WAVE
.MMREGS
.TEXT
ldp #100h
splk #7FFH,00h
l3: out 00H,04h
call l1
splk #0FFH,01h
out 01h,04h
call l1
b l3
l1: lar ar3,#0FFh
l2: mar *,ar3
banz l2,*-
ret
TRIANGULAR
ldp #100h
splk #00h,00h
l3: lar ar2,#45h
l1: out 00h,04h
lacc 00h
add #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l1,*-
lar ar2,#45h
l2: out 00h,04
lacc 00h
sub #15h
sacl 00h
mar *,ar2
banz l2
b l3
This is d program hav to enter on to the kit..
Dont need to write old programs with opcode in exam..
(If you've written correctly ignore it)
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Embedded Lab Programs
Hi friends...
I've just posted link for the Embedded lab programs...
It contains all d programs for our exam.. I've highlighted some words in that, those coding must be known to us.
Password to open: student
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/10/14/1287073397-vsara90-EMBEDDED_LAB_PROGRAMS_FULL.pdf.zip
If you've any problem in that, then mail me...
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
I've just posted link for the Embedded lab programs...
It contains all d programs for our exam.. I've highlighted some words in that, those coding must be known to us.
Password to open: student
http://www.fzuploads.com/files/10/14/1287073397-vsara90-EMBEDDED_LAB_PROGRAMS_FULL.pdf.zip
If you've any problem in that, then mail me...
--
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Wednesday, October 13
Infinite log in G- Talk
Create new shortcut in the desktop and specify the target as"c:\program files\google\google talk\googletalk.exe" /nomutexClick Next and Ok..
Thats it...
Friday, October 1
Optical Model Question Paper
Hi friends..
I've attached d question for the optical exam.. Pass to all........
Here s d link
http://www.novaup.com/
http://www.easy-share.com/
http://uploading.com/files/password to open: student
With Regards
~V Saravanan~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
Wednesday, September 29
CWG, Delhi 2010.......Lets support GAMES first..!!
Friends,
Successful completion of CWG is a must for INDIA's image….
There has been so much negative publicity about it….let's support the games now, and for sure it doesn't mean that we support the corruption involved with it,we are supporting INDIA!!!!
See Below Pictures..........
CWG Stadiums, Delhi, India
Jai Hind
With Regards
~INDIAN~
Mail ids : vsara90@gmail.com
saravanan_veeran@yahoo.co.in
My Blogs : vs90.blogspot.com
ecesaravanan.blogspot.com
saravananveeran.weebly.com
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