Life
When a door of the happiness is closed, another opens, but us,we continue to look at the closed door and
we do not attach importance to that which we have just opened.
Sunday, November 29
Saturday, November 28
Our Syllabus
உ
SEMESTER VI
SEMESTER VI
EC1351 – MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
LT P
3 0 0
UNIT I BASIC MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS 9
Measurement systems – Static and dynamic characteristics – Units and standards of measurements – Error analysis – Moving coil, moving iron meters – Multimeters – True RMS meters – Bridge measurements – Maxwell – Hay – Schering – Anderson and Wien bridge.
UNIT II BASIC ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS 9
Electronic multimeters – Cathode ray oscilloscopes – Block schematic – Applications –Special oscilloscopes – Q meters – Vector meters – RF voltage and power measurements.
UNIT III SIGNAL GENERATORS AND ANALYZERS 9
Function generators – RF signal generators – Sweep generators – Frequency synthesizer – Wave analyzer – Harmonic distortion analyzer – Spectrum analyzer.
UNIT IV DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 9
Comparison of analog and digital techniques – Digital voltmeter – Multimeters – Frequency counters – Measurement of frequency and time interval – Extension of frequency range – Measurement errors.
UNIT V DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS AND FIBER OPTIC MEASUREMENTS 9
Elements of a digital data acquisition system – Interfacing of transducers – Multiplexing – Computer controlled instrumentation – IEEE 488 bus – Fiber optic measurements for power and system loss – Optical time domains reflectometer.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOK
1. Helfrick, A.D. and William Cooper, D., “Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”, PHI, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Carr, J.J., “Elements of Electronics Instrumentation and Measurement”, Pearson education, 2003.
2. Morris, A.S., “Principles of Measurements and Instrumentation”, 2nd Edition, PHI, 2003.
3. Doebelin, E.O., “Measurement Systems – Application and Design”, TMH, 2004.
Measurement systems – Static and dynamic characteristics – Units and standards of measurements – Error analysis – Moving coil, moving iron meters – Multimeters – True RMS meters – Bridge measurements – Maxwell – Hay – Schering – Anderson and Wien bridge.
UNIT II BASIC ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS 9
Electronic multimeters – Cathode ray oscilloscopes – Block schematic – Applications –Special oscilloscopes – Q meters – Vector meters – RF voltage and power measurements.
UNIT III SIGNAL GENERATORS AND ANALYZERS 9
Function generators – RF signal generators – Sweep generators – Frequency synthesizer – Wave analyzer – Harmonic distortion analyzer – Spectrum analyzer.
UNIT IV DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 9
Comparison of analog and digital techniques – Digital voltmeter – Multimeters – Frequency counters – Measurement of frequency and time interval – Extension of frequency range – Measurement errors.
UNIT V DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS AND FIBER OPTIC MEASUREMENTS 9
Elements of a digital data acquisition system – Interfacing of transducers – Multiplexing – Computer controlled instrumentation – IEEE 488 bus – Fiber optic measurements for power and system loss – Optical time domains reflectometer.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOK
1. Helfrick, A.D. and William Cooper, D., “Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”, PHI, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Carr, J.J., “Elements of Electronics Instrumentation and Measurement”, Pearson education, 2003.
2. Morris, A.S., “Principles of Measurements and Instrumentation”, 2nd Edition, PHI, 2003.
3. Doebelin, E.O., “Measurement Systems – Application and Design”, TMH, 2004.
EC1352 – DIGITAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
L T P
3 0 0
UNIT I PULSE MODULATION 9
Sampling process – PAM – Other forms of pulse modulation – Bandwidth – Noise trade off – Quantization – PCM – Noise considerations in PCM systems – TDM – Digital multiplexers – Virtues, limitation and modification of PCM – Delta Modulation (DM) – Linear prediction – Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) – Adaptive Delta Modulation(ADM).
UNIT II BASEBAND PULSE TRANSMISSION 9
Matched filter – Error rate due to noise – Intersymbol interference – Nyquist’s criterion for distortionless base band binary transmission – Correlative level coding – Baseband and M-ary PAM transmission – Adaptive equalization – Eye patterns.
UNIT III PASSBAND DATA TRANSMISSION 9
Introduction – Pass band transmission model – Generation, detection, signal space diagram – Bit error probability and power spectra of BPSK, QPSK, FSK and MSK schemes – Differential phase shift keying – Comparison of digital modulation systems using a single carrier – Carrier and symbol synchronization.
UNIT IV ERROR CONTROL CODING 9
Discrete memoryless channels – Linear block codes – Cyclic codes – Convolutional codes – Maximum likelihood decoding of convolutional codes – Viterbi algorithm – Trellis coded modulation – Turbo codes.
UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION 9
Pseudo noise sequences – A notion of spread spectrum – Direct sequence spread spectrum with coherent binary phase shift keying – Signal space dimensionality and processing gain – Probability of error – Frequency hop spread spectrum – Maximum length and gold codes.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOK
1. Simon Haykins, “Digital Communication” John Wiley, 4th Edition, 2001.
REFERENCES
1. Proakis, J.G., “Digital Communication”, 3rd Edition, TMH, 1995.
2. Taub and Schilling, “Principles of Digital Communication “, 28th reprint, TMH, 2003.
3 0 0
UNIT I DATA COMMUNICATION 8
Components and categories – Types of connections – Topologies – Protocols and standards – ISO / OSI model – Transmission media – Line coding – Modems – RS232 interfacing sequences.
UNIT II DATA LINK LAYER 12
Error – Detection and correction – Parity – LRC – CRC – Hamming code – Flow control and error control – Stop and wait – Go back N ARQ – Selective repeat ARQ – Sliding window techniques – HDLC.
LAN: Ethernet IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4, and IEEE 802.5 – IEEE 802.11 – FDDI, SONET – Bridges.
UNIT III NETWORK LAYER 10
Routers – Internetworks – Packet switching and datagram approach – IP addressing methods – Subnetting – Routing – Distance vector routing – Link state routing.
UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 8
Duties of transport layer – Multiplexing – Demultiplexing – Sockets – User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – Congestion control – Quality of Services (QOS) – Integrated services.
UNIT V APPLICATION LAYER 7
Domain Name Space (DNS) – SMTP, FTP, HTTP, WWW – Security – Cryptography.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Foruzan, B.A., “Data communication and Networking”, TMH, 2004.
2. Peterson, L.L. and Davie, P.S., “Computer Networks”, 2nd Edition, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Tannenbaum, A.S., “Computer Networks”, 4th Edition, PHI, 2003.
2. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, 2000.
3. Kurouse, J.F. and Rouse W., “Computer Networking: A Topdown Approach Featuring”, Pearson Education, 2003.
3 1 0
UNIT I ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS 9
Definitions – Radiation intensity – Directive gain – Directivity – Power gain – Beam width – Band width – Gain and radiation resistance of current element – Half – Wave dipole and folded dipole – Reciprocity principle – Effective length and effective area – Relation Between gain effective length and radiation resistance.
Loop Antennas: Radiation from small loop and its radiation resistance – Radiation from a loop with circumference equal to a wavelength and resultant circular polarization on axis – Helical antenna – Normal mode and axial mode operation.
Antenna Arrays: Expression for electric field from two and three element arrays –Uniform linear array – Method of pattern multiplication – Binomial array – End – Fire array.
UNIT II RADIATION FIELDS OF WIRE ANTENNAS 9
Concept of vector potential – Modification for time varying – Retarded case – Fields associated with Hertzian dipole – Power radiated and radiation resistance of current element – Radiation resistance of elementary dipole with linear current distribution –Radiation from half-wave dipole and quarter – Wave mono-pole – Assumed current distribution for wire antennas – Use of capacity hat and loading coil for short antennas.
UNIT III TRAVELLING WAVE (WIDEBAND) ANTENNAS 9
Loop antenna (elementary treatment only) – Helical antenna – Radiation from a traveling wave on a wire – Analysis of rhombic antenna – Design of rhombic antennas – Yagi-Uda antenna – Log periodic antenna.
UNIT IV APERTURE AND LENS ANTENNAS 9
Radiation from an elemental area of a plane wave (Huygen’s source) – Radiation from the open end of a coaxial line – Radiation from a rectangular aperture treated as an array of Huygen’s source – Equivalence of fields of a slot and complementary dipole – Relation between dipole and slot impedances – Method of feeding slot antennas – Thin slot in an infinite cylinder – Field on the axis of an E-plane sectoral horn – Radiation from circular aperture – Beam width and effective area – Reflector type of antennas (Dish antennas) –Dielectric lens and metal plane lens antennas – Luxemberg lens – Spherical waves and biconical antenna.
UNIT V PROPAGATION 9
The three basic types of propagation – Ground wave, space wave and sky wave propagation.
Sky wave propagation: Structure of the ionosphere – Effective dielectric constant of ionized region – Mechanism of refraction – Refractive index – Critical frequency – Skip distance – Effect of earth’s magnetic field – Energy loss in the ionosphere due to collisions – Maximum usable frequency – Fading and diversity reception.
Space wave propagation: Reflection from ground for vertically and horizontally polarized waves – Reflection characteristics of earth – Resultant of direct and reflected ray at the receiver – Duct propagation.
Ground wave propagation: Attenuation characteristics for ground wave propagation – Calculation of field strength at a distance.
L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXTBOOK
1. Kraus, J.D. and Ronalatory Marhefka, “Antennas”, TMH Book Company, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Jordan and Balmain, E. C., “Electro Magnetic Waves and Radiating System”, 1968, Reprint 2003, PHI.
2. Collins, R. E., “Antennas and Radio Propagation”, TMH, 1999.
3. Balanis, “Antenna Theory”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
3 1 0
UNIT I BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS 10
Functional units – Basic operational concepts, bus structures, software performance –Memory locations and addresses – Memory operations – Instruction and instruction sequencing – Addressing modes – Assembly language – Basic I/O operations – Stacks and queues.
UNIT II ARITHMETIC 8
Addition and subtraction of signed numbers – Design of fast adders – Multiplication of positive numbers – Signed operand multiplication and fast multiplication – Integer division – Floating point numbers and operations.
UNIT III BASIC PROCESSING UNIT 9
Fundamental concepts – Execution of a complete instruction – Multiple bus organization – Hardwired control – Micro-programmed control – Pipelining – Basic concepts – Data hazards – Instruction hazards – Influence on instruction sets – Data path and control consideration – Superscalar operation.
UNIT IV MEMORY SYSTEM 9
Basic concepts – Semiconductor RAM, ROM – Speed, size and cost – Cache memories – Performance consideration – Virtual memory – Memory management requirements –Secondary storage.
UNIT V I/O ORGANIZATION 9
Accessing I/O devices – Interrupts – Direct memory access – Buses – Interface circuits –Standard I/O interfaces (PCI, SCSI, and USB).
L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXT BOOK
1. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat Zaky, “Computer Organization”, 5th Edition, TMH, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture – Designing for Performance”, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
2. Patterson, D.A. and Hennessy, J.L., “Computer Organization and Design, the Hardware / Software Interface”, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 reprint.
3. Hayes, J.P., “Computer Architecture and Organization”, 3rd Edition, TMH, 1998.
3 0 0
UNIT I MOS TRANSISTOR THEORY AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 9
NMOS and PMOS transistors – Threshold voltage – Body effect – Design equations – Second order effects – MOS models and small signal AC characteristics – Basic CMOS technology.
UNIT II INVERTERS AND LOGIC GATES 9
NMOS and CMOS inverters – Stick diagram – Inverter ratio – DC and transient characteristics – Switching times – Super buffers – Driving large capacitance loads – CMOS logic structures – Transmission gates – Static CMOS design – Dynamic CMOS design.
UNIT III CIRCUIT CHARACTERISATION AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION 9
Resistance estimation – Capacitance estimation – Inductance – Switching characteristics – Transistor sizing – Power dissipation and design margining – Charge sharing – Scaling.
UNIT IV VLSI SYSTEM COMPONENTS CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM LEVEL HYSICAL DESIGN 9
Multiplexers – Decoders – Comparators – Priority encoders – Shift registers – Arithmetic circuits – Ripple carry adders – Carry look ahead adders – High-speed adders – Multipliers – Physical design – Delay modeling – Cross talk – Floor planning – Power distribution – Clock distribution – Basics of CMOS testing.
UNITV VERILOG HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE 9
Overview of digital design with Verilog HDL – Hierarchical modeling concepts – Modules and port definitions – Gate level modeling– Data flow modeling – Behavioral modeling – Task and functions – Test bench.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Weste, N. H. E. and Kamran Eshraghian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education Asia, 2000.
2. Uyemura, J. P., “Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Bhasker, J., “A Verilog HDL Primer”, 2nd Edition, B. S. Publications, 2001.
2. Pucknell, “Basic VLSI Design”, Prentice Hall of India, 1995.
3. Wayne Wolf, “Modern VLSI Design System on Chip”, Pearson Education, 2002.
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
a) Antennas Laboratory
1 Radiation pattern of half-wave dipole antenna
2. Radiation pattern of yagi antenna
3. Radiation pattern of loop antenna
b) Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory
4. Characteristics of AM receiver (selectivity and sensitivity)
5. Characteristics of FM receiver (selectivity and sensitivity)
6. Sampling and time division multiplexing
7. Pulse Modulation– PAM / PWM /PPM
8. Pulse Code Modulation
9. Line Coding and Decoding
10. Delta Modulation / Differential Pulse Code Modulation
11. Digital Modulation –ASK, PSK, QPSK, FSK
Total: 45
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. PC to PC communication
Parallel communication using 8 bit parallel cable
Serial communication using RS 232C
2. Ethernet LAN protocol
To create scenario and study the performance of CSMA/CD protocol through simulation
3. Token bus and token ring protocols
To create scenario and study the performance of token bus and token ring protocols through simulation
4. Wireless LAN protocols
To create scenario and study the performance of network with CSMA / CA protocol and compare with CSMA/CD protocols.
5. Implementation and study of stop and wait protocol
6. Implementation and study of Go-back–N and selective reject protocols
7. Implementation of distance vector routing algorithm
8. Implementation of Link State Routing Algorithm
9. Implementation of data encryption and decryption
10. Transfer of files from PC to PC using Windows / UNIX socket processing
Total: 45
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of simulation using tools.
2. Study of synthesis tools.
3. Place, root and back annotation for FPGAs.
4. Study of development tool for FPGA for schematic entry and Verilog.
5. Design of traffic light controller using Verilog and above tools.
6. Design and simulation of pipelined serial and parallel adder to add/subract 8 number of size, 12 bit each in 2's complement.
7. Design and simulation of back annotated Verilog files for multiplying two signed, 8 bit numbers in 2's complement. Design must be pipelined and completely RTL compliant.
8. Study of FPGA board and testing on board LEDs and switches using Verilog codes.
9. Testing the traffic controller design developed in SI. NO.5 on the FPGA board.
10. Design a real-time clock (2 digits, 7 segments LED displays each for HRS, MTS, and SECS) and demonstrate its working on the FPGA board (an expansion card is required for the displays).
Courtesy: AU Trichy
3 0 0
UNIT I PULSE MODULATION 9
Sampling process – PAM – Other forms of pulse modulation – Bandwidth – Noise trade off – Quantization – PCM – Noise considerations in PCM systems – TDM – Digital multiplexers – Virtues, limitation and modification of PCM – Delta Modulation (DM) – Linear prediction – Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) – Adaptive Delta Modulation(ADM).
UNIT II BASEBAND PULSE TRANSMISSION 9
Matched filter – Error rate due to noise – Intersymbol interference – Nyquist’s criterion for distortionless base band binary transmission – Correlative level coding – Baseband and M-ary PAM transmission – Adaptive equalization – Eye patterns.
UNIT III PASSBAND DATA TRANSMISSION 9
Introduction – Pass band transmission model – Generation, detection, signal space diagram – Bit error probability and power spectra of BPSK, QPSK, FSK and MSK schemes – Differential phase shift keying – Comparison of digital modulation systems using a single carrier – Carrier and symbol synchronization.
UNIT IV ERROR CONTROL CODING 9
Discrete memoryless channels – Linear block codes – Cyclic codes – Convolutional codes – Maximum likelihood decoding of convolutional codes – Viterbi algorithm – Trellis coded modulation – Turbo codes.
UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION 9
Pseudo noise sequences – A notion of spread spectrum – Direct sequence spread spectrum with coherent binary phase shift keying – Signal space dimensionality and processing gain – Probability of error – Frequency hop spread spectrum – Maximum length and gold codes.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOK
1. Simon Haykins, “Digital Communication” John Wiley, 4th Edition, 2001.
REFERENCES
1. Proakis, J.G., “Digital Communication”, 3rd Edition, TMH, 1995.
2. Taub and Schilling, “Principles of Digital Communication “, 28th reprint, TMH, 2003.
CS1302 – COMPUTER NETWORKS
L T P3 0 0
UNIT I DATA COMMUNICATION 8
Components and categories – Types of connections – Topologies – Protocols and standards – ISO / OSI model – Transmission media – Line coding – Modems – RS232 interfacing sequences.
UNIT II DATA LINK LAYER 12
Error – Detection and correction – Parity – LRC – CRC – Hamming code – Flow control and error control – Stop and wait – Go back N ARQ – Selective repeat ARQ – Sliding window techniques – HDLC.
LAN: Ethernet IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4, and IEEE 802.5 – IEEE 802.11 – FDDI, SONET – Bridges.
UNIT III NETWORK LAYER 10
Routers – Internetworks – Packet switching and datagram approach – IP addressing methods – Subnetting – Routing – Distance vector routing – Link state routing.
UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 8
Duties of transport layer – Multiplexing – Demultiplexing – Sockets – User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – Congestion control – Quality of Services (QOS) – Integrated services.
UNIT V APPLICATION LAYER 7
Domain Name Space (DNS) – SMTP, FTP, HTTP, WWW – Security – Cryptography.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Foruzan, B.A., “Data communication and Networking”, TMH, 2004.
2. Peterson, L.L. and Davie, P.S., “Computer Networks”, 2nd Edition, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Tannenbaum, A.S., “Computer Networks”, 4th Edition, PHI, 2003.
2. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, 2000.
3. Kurouse, J.F. and Rouse W., “Computer Networking: A Topdown Approach Featuring”, Pearson Education, 2003.
EC1353 – ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
L T P3 1 0
UNIT I ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS 9
Definitions – Radiation intensity – Directive gain – Directivity – Power gain – Beam width – Band width – Gain and radiation resistance of current element – Half – Wave dipole and folded dipole – Reciprocity principle – Effective length and effective area – Relation Between gain effective length and radiation resistance.
Loop Antennas: Radiation from small loop and its radiation resistance – Radiation from a loop with circumference equal to a wavelength and resultant circular polarization on axis – Helical antenna – Normal mode and axial mode operation.
Antenna Arrays: Expression for electric field from two and three element arrays –Uniform linear array – Method of pattern multiplication – Binomial array – End – Fire array.
UNIT II RADIATION FIELDS OF WIRE ANTENNAS 9
Concept of vector potential – Modification for time varying – Retarded case – Fields associated with Hertzian dipole – Power radiated and radiation resistance of current element – Radiation resistance of elementary dipole with linear current distribution –Radiation from half-wave dipole and quarter – Wave mono-pole – Assumed current distribution for wire antennas – Use of capacity hat and loading coil for short antennas.
UNIT III TRAVELLING WAVE (WIDEBAND) ANTENNAS 9
Loop antenna (elementary treatment only) – Helical antenna – Radiation from a traveling wave on a wire – Analysis of rhombic antenna – Design of rhombic antennas – Yagi-Uda antenna – Log periodic antenna.
UNIT IV APERTURE AND LENS ANTENNAS 9
Radiation from an elemental area of a plane wave (Huygen’s source) – Radiation from the open end of a coaxial line – Radiation from a rectangular aperture treated as an array of Huygen’s source – Equivalence of fields of a slot and complementary dipole – Relation between dipole and slot impedances – Method of feeding slot antennas – Thin slot in an infinite cylinder – Field on the axis of an E-plane sectoral horn – Radiation from circular aperture – Beam width and effective area – Reflector type of antennas (Dish antennas) –Dielectric lens and metal plane lens antennas – Luxemberg lens – Spherical waves and biconical antenna.
UNIT V PROPAGATION 9
The three basic types of propagation – Ground wave, space wave and sky wave propagation.
Sky wave propagation: Structure of the ionosphere – Effective dielectric constant of ionized region – Mechanism of refraction – Refractive index – Critical frequency – Skip distance – Effect of earth’s magnetic field – Energy loss in the ionosphere due to collisions – Maximum usable frequency – Fading and diversity reception.
Space wave propagation: Reflection from ground for vertically and horizontally polarized waves – Reflection characteristics of earth – Resultant of direct and reflected ray at the receiver – Duct propagation.
Ground wave propagation: Attenuation characteristics for ground wave propagation – Calculation of field strength at a distance.
L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXTBOOK
1. Kraus, J.D. and Ronalatory Marhefka, “Antennas”, TMH Book Company, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Jordan and Balmain, E. C., “Electro Magnetic Waves and Radiating System”, 1968, Reprint 2003, PHI.
2. Collins, R. E., “Antennas and Radio Propagation”, TMH, 1999.
3. Balanis, “Antenna Theory”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
CS1203 – COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
L T P3 1 0
UNIT I BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS 10
Functional units – Basic operational concepts, bus structures, software performance –Memory locations and addresses – Memory operations – Instruction and instruction sequencing – Addressing modes – Assembly language – Basic I/O operations – Stacks and queues.
UNIT II ARITHMETIC 8
Addition and subtraction of signed numbers – Design of fast adders – Multiplication of positive numbers – Signed operand multiplication and fast multiplication – Integer division – Floating point numbers and operations.
UNIT III BASIC PROCESSING UNIT 9
Fundamental concepts – Execution of a complete instruction – Multiple bus organization – Hardwired control – Micro-programmed control – Pipelining – Basic concepts – Data hazards – Instruction hazards – Influence on instruction sets – Data path and control consideration – Superscalar operation.
UNIT IV MEMORY SYSTEM 9
Basic concepts – Semiconductor RAM, ROM – Speed, size and cost – Cache memories – Performance consideration – Virtual memory – Memory management requirements –Secondary storage.
UNIT V I/O ORGANIZATION 9
Accessing I/O devices – Interrupts – Direct memory access – Buses – Interface circuits –Standard I/O interfaces (PCI, SCSI, and USB).
L: 45 T: 15 Total: 60
TEXT BOOK
1. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat Zaky, “Computer Organization”, 5th Edition, TMH, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture – Designing for Performance”, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.
2. Patterson, D.A. and Hennessy, J.L., “Computer Organization and Design, the Hardware / Software Interface”, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 reprint.
3. Hayes, J.P., “Computer Architecture and Organization”, 3rd Edition, TMH, 1998.
EC1354 – VLSI DESIGN
L T P3 0 0
UNIT I MOS TRANSISTOR THEORY AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 9
NMOS and PMOS transistors – Threshold voltage – Body effect – Design equations – Second order effects – MOS models and small signal AC characteristics – Basic CMOS technology.
UNIT II INVERTERS AND LOGIC GATES 9
NMOS and CMOS inverters – Stick diagram – Inverter ratio – DC and transient characteristics – Switching times – Super buffers – Driving large capacitance loads – CMOS logic structures – Transmission gates – Static CMOS design – Dynamic CMOS design.
UNIT III CIRCUIT CHARACTERISATION AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION 9
Resistance estimation – Capacitance estimation – Inductance – Switching characteristics – Transistor sizing – Power dissipation and design margining – Charge sharing – Scaling.
UNIT IV VLSI SYSTEM COMPONENTS CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM LEVEL HYSICAL DESIGN 9
Multiplexers – Decoders – Comparators – Priority encoders – Shift registers – Arithmetic circuits – Ripple carry adders – Carry look ahead adders – High-speed adders – Multipliers – Physical design – Delay modeling – Cross talk – Floor planning – Power distribution – Clock distribution – Basics of CMOS testing.
UNITV VERILOG HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE 9
Overview of digital design with Verilog HDL – Hierarchical modeling concepts – Modules and port definitions – Gate level modeling– Data flow modeling – Behavioral modeling – Task and functions – Test bench.
Total: 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Weste, N. H. E. and Kamran Eshraghian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education Asia, 2000.
2. Uyemura, J. P., “Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Bhasker, J., “A Verilog HDL Primer”, 2nd Edition, B. S. Publications, 2001.
2. Pucknell, “Basic VLSI Design”, Prentice Hall of India, 1995.
3. Wayne Wolf, “Modern VLSI Design System on Chip”, Pearson Education, 2002.
EC1355 – DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
a) Antennas Laboratory
1 Radiation pattern of half-wave dipole antenna
2. Radiation pattern of yagi antenna
3. Radiation pattern of loop antenna
b) Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory
4. Characteristics of AM receiver (selectivity and sensitivity)
5. Characteristics of FM receiver (selectivity and sensitivity)
6. Sampling and time division multiplexing
7. Pulse Modulation– PAM / PWM /PPM
8. Pulse Code Modulation
9. Line Coding and Decoding
10. Delta Modulation / Differential Pulse Code Modulation
11. Digital Modulation –ASK, PSK, QPSK, FSK
Total: 45
CS1305 – NETWORKS LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. PC to PC communication
Parallel communication using 8 bit parallel cable
Serial communication using RS 232C
2. Ethernet LAN protocol
To create scenario and study the performance of CSMA/CD protocol through simulation
3. Token bus and token ring protocols
To create scenario and study the performance of token bus and token ring protocols through simulation
4. Wireless LAN protocols
To create scenario and study the performance of network with CSMA / CA protocol and compare with CSMA/CD protocols.
5. Implementation and study of stop and wait protocol
6. Implementation and study of Go-back–N and selective reject protocols
7. Implementation of distance vector routing algorithm
8. Implementation of Link State Routing Algorithm
9. Implementation of data encryption and decryption
10. Transfer of files from PC to PC using Windows / UNIX socket processing
Total: 45
EC1356 – VLSI DESIGN LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of simulation using tools.
2. Study of synthesis tools.
3. Place, root and back annotation for FPGAs.
4. Study of development tool for FPGA for schematic entry and Verilog.
5. Design of traffic light controller using Verilog and above tools.
6. Design and simulation of pipelined serial and parallel adder to add/subract 8 number of size, 12 bit each in 2's complement.
7. Design and simulation of back annotated Verilog files for multiplying two signed, 8 bit numbers in 2's complement. Design must be pipelined and completely RTL compliant.
8. Study of FPGA board and testing on board LEDs and switches using Verilog codes.
9. Testing the traffic controller design developed in SI. NO.5 on the FPGA board.
10. Design a real-time clock (2 digits, 7 segments LED displays each for HRS, MTS, and SECS) and demonstrate its working on the FPGA board (an expansion card is required for the displays).
Friday, November 27
10 ways to speed up torrent speed
P2P file sharing is one of the widely used applications now days. The Torrent search engine is the utility which is
excessively used in this context. As the young generation says “impatience is the new world”, means the generation can’t
afford anything too slow, same is the case with torrent download. But there are some tips which can really help to improve
your download speed. Let’s have a quick glance at these tips.
1. Choose your ISP wisely
The basic rule is that the maximum Torrent download speed that you can get can’t cross the upper limit of the bandwidth
provided by your ISP. Usually ISP’s specify the upload and download maximum for the connections. So it is always better to
have an ISP who provides better Download and Upload limits for an affordable price.
2. Choose the right BitTorrent client
Always choose the latest versions among the available BitTorrent clients. mTorrent, Vuze etc are some of these latest
versions available now. The latest versions are equipped with provisions for obtaining the highest download speed and an
overall smooth downloading experience.
3. Check the seeds and peers
A peer is a computer which participates in the P2P sharing either for downloading or uploading. A seed is a computer who has
got a complete copy of the file and is sharing that file in the network. A leech is a computer who doesn’t have a complete
copy of the file, and is downloading the file at the moment. A leech becomes a seed when it completes the download and shares
it over the network. It is always advisable to choose the files with more number of seeds and less no of leeches. That means
the file with the highest seed to leech ratio.
4. Altering the firewall configuration
By default the firewalls block all the BitTorrent connections coming through. This can adversely affect the downloading
speed. So you must make sure that your firewall is configured in such a way that it allows the BitTorrent connections through
it. This can be done by checking the box ‘Add Windows Firewall Exception” in the firewall settings following the path
options/preferences/connection. For ease some users may disable the firewall, but it is strongly advised that you shouldn’t
disable your firewall that it will open your computer to serious threats.(www.AmazingIT.blogspot.com)
5. Limiting your upload rate
A peer to peer sharing is all about simultaneous upload and download. So every BitTorrent clients must upload some data at
the same they are downloading some other data through torrent. For obtaining a high download speed you should vary your
upload speed accordingly. Usually the upload maximum by the ISP is very much less than the download maximum. It is only
50Kbps for a 2Mbps connection. For fast downloading you can set your uploading speed to 80% of your maximum uploading speed.
You must vary the speed as the download progresses for an efficient downloading. Keep the uploading limit maximum in the
beginning and then slightly decrease it as the download progresses. In mTorrent the upload limit can be set from the option
Global Upload Rate.
6. Selecting a different port
The default port for the BitTorrent file sharing is one between 6881 and 6999. As BitTorrent sharing involves high bandwidth
usage the ISP’s usually throttle traffic on these ports. So you can increase the downloading speed by selecting some port
above 10000. Usually mTorrent randomly assign the port as the application starts. So set a specific port with a number above
10000, by disabling the Randomize port checkbox.
7. Increasing the number of Maximum Half Open TCP Connections
Usually the maximum no of half open TCP connections in Windows XP with SP2 is set as 10 for blocking the virus
multiplication. But torrent needs more. To facilitate this a patch TCPIP.sys is available. Through this patch you can set the
maximum no of open TCP connections. Set it to any number between 50 and 100.
8. Protocol encryption
Some ISP’s constrict the bandwidth for P2P sharing. Protocol encryption can be used to override this restriction. Check the
Allow incoming legacy connections box and make the outgoing Encryption as Disabled for getting maximum speed on Torrent
downloads. Between non-encryption is not advisable as it may lead to some encrypted client to be left as undiscovered.
9. Connections and bandwidth
The BitTorrent client you are using will allow you to enter values for
Global maximum no of connections: It is the maximum no of connections BitTorrent client can make for any P2P sharing. Setting
this no to a very high value will take up useless bandwidth, and to a very low value will miss out some peers. For a 256kbps
connection you can set this number to 130.
Maximum no of connected peers per torrent: Set this no to one which is closer to the no of available peers for the file.
No of upload slots per torrent: It gives the maximum no of peers to which the BitTorrent client uploads at a time. Since a
low settings may affect the download set it to a moderate low value.
10. Miscellaneous
Disable the individual files for download along with a particular file, if we don’t want them at the beginning of download.
Be familiar with your BitTorrent client settings from the users manual or web.
excessively used in this context. As the young generation says “impatience is the new world”, means the generation can’t
afford anything too slow, same is the case with torrent download. But there are some tips which can really help to improve
your download speed. Let’s have a quick glance at these tips.
1. Choose your ISP wisely
The basic rule is that the maximum Torrent download speed that you can get can’t cross the upper limit of the bandwidth
provided by your ISP. Usually ISP’s specify the upload and download maximum for the connections. So it is always better to
have an ISP who provides better Download and Upload limits for an affordable price.
2. Choose the right BitTorrent client
Always choose the latest versions among the available BitTorrent clients. mTorrent, Vuze etc are some of these latest
versions available now. The latest versions are equipped with provisions for obtaining the highest download speed and an
overall smooth downloading experience.
3. Check the seeds and peers
A peer is a computer which participates in the P2P sharing either for downloading or uploading. A seed is a computer who has
got a complete copy of the file and is sharing that file in the network. A leech is a computer who doesn’t have a complete
copy of the file, and is downloading the file at the moment. A leech becomes a seed when it completes the download and shares
it over the network. It is always advisable to choose the files with more number of seeds and less no of leeches. That means
the file with the highest seed to leech ratio.
4. Altering the firewall configuration
By default the firewalls block all the BitTorrent connections coming through. This can adversely affect the downloading
speed. So you must make sure that your firewall is configured in such a way that it allows the BitTorrent connections through
it. This can be done by checking the box ‘Add Windows Firewall Exception” in the firewall settings following the path
options/preferences/connection. For ease some users may disable the firewall, but it is strongly advised that you shouldn’t
disable your firewall that it will open your computer to serious threats.(www.AmazingIT.blogspot.com)
5. Limiting your upload rate
A peer to peer sharing is all about simultaneous upload and download. So every BitTorrent clients must upload some data at
the same they are downloading some other data through torrent. For obtaining a high download speed you should vary your
upload speed accordingly. Usually the upload maximum by the ISP is very much less than the download maximum. It is only
50Kbps for a 2Mbps connection. For fast downloading you can set your uploading speed to 80% of your maximum uploading speed.
You must vary the speed as the download progresses for an efficient downloading. Keep the uploading limit maximum in the
beginning and then slightly decrease it as the download progresses. In mTorrent the upload limit can be set from the option
Global Upload Rate.
6. Selecting a different port
The default port for the BitTorrent file sharing is one between 6881 and 6999. As BitTorrent sharing involves high bandwidth
usage the ISP’s usually throttle traffic on these ports. So you can increase the downloading speed by selecting some port
above 10000. Usually mTorrent randomly assign the port as the application starts. So set a specific port with a number above
10000, by disabling the Randomize port checkbox.
7. Increasing the number of Maximum Half Open TCP Connections
Usually the maximum no of half open TCP connections in Windows XP with SP2 is set as 10 for blocking the virus
multiplication. But torrent needs more. To facilitate this a patch TCPIP.sys is available. Through this patch you can set the
maximum no of open TCP connections. Set it to any number between 50 and 100.
8. Protocol encryption
Some ISP’s constrict the bandwidth for P2P sharing. Protocol encryption can be used to override this restriction. Check the
Allow incoming legacy connections box and make the outgoing Encryption as Disabled for getting maximum speed on Torrent
downloads. Between non-encryption is not advisable as it may lead to some encrypted client to be left as undiscovered.
9. Connections and bandwidth
The BitTorrent client you are using will allow you to enter values for
Global maximum no of connections: It is the maximum no of connections BitTorrent client can make for any P2P sharing. Setting
this no to a very high value will take up useless bandwidth, and to a very low value will miss out some peers. For a 256kbps
connection you can set this number to 130.
Maximum no of connected peers per torrent: Set this no to one which is closer to the no of available peers for the file.
No of upload slots per torrent: It gives the maximum no of peers to which the BitTorrent client uploads at a time. Since a
low settings may affect the download set it to a moderate low value.
10. Miscellaneous
Disable the individual files for download along with a particular file, if we don’t want them at the beginning of download.
Be familiar with your BitTorrent client settings from the users manual or web.
Tuesday, November 24
change d name of ur recycle bin!!!!!!!!!
change d name of ur recycle bin!!!!!!!!!
dis time i'm goin 2 show u how 2 name ur recycle bin ur own way.............
read on........
go to start->run.......
regedit..................n hit enter.......
a window opens......
4m dere open HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.........
then...CLSID...........
go to............645ff040..............
click on ...........'localized strings'................
type in whatever you want.............
lastly refresh ur desktop...............
so enjoy a new name..........
dis time i'm goin 2 show u how 2 name ur recycle bin ur own way.............
read on........
go to start->run.......
regedit..................n hit enter.......
a window opens......
4m dere open HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.........
then...CLSID...........
go to............645ff040..............
click on ...........'localized strings'................
type in whatever you want.............
lastly refresh ur desktop...............
so enjoy a new name..........
Increase Your Internet Speed By Over 20%
Increase Your Internet Speed By Over 20%
If you use Windows than it is possible to squeeze extra speed from your internet connection. By default, Windows reserve internet bandwidth up to 20% for various services such as Windows updates and spyware checks by using QoS Packet Scheduler.
Change Reserved Bandwidth By Windows :-
If you use Windows than it is possible to squeeze extra speed from your internet connection. By default, Windows reserve internet bandwidth up to 20% for various services such as Windows updates and spyware checks by using QoS Packet Scheduler.
Change Reserved Bandwidth By Windows :-
1.) Click Start > Run > and type gpedit.msc
2.) Expand the Computer Configuration branch
3.) Expand the Administrative Templates and then Network branch.4.) Just highlight the QoS Packet Scheduler branch and you will see a tab Limit Reservable Bandwidth on the right side.
5.) Double click the "limit reservable bandwidth" setting
6.) On setting tab check the ENABLED item and change Bandwidth limit % to zero
2.) Expand the Computer Configuration branch
3.) Expand the Administrative Templates and then Network branch.4.) Just highlight the QoS Packet Scheduler branch and you will see a tab Limit Reservable Bandwidth on the right side.
5.) Double click the "limit reservable bandwidth" setting
6.) On setting tab check the ENABLED item and change Bandwidth limit % to zero
Top 15 Ways to Extend Your Laptop’s Battery Life
Top 15 Ways to Extend Your Laptop’s Battery Life Laptops tend to lose their charm
quickly when you’re constantly looking for the nearest power outlet to charge up.
How do you keep your battery going for as long as possible? Here are 15 easy ways
to do so.
1. Defrag regularly - The faster your hard drive does its work - less demand you are
going to put on the hard drive and your battery. Make your hard drive as efficient as
possible by defragging it regularly. (but not while it’s on battery of course!) Mac OSX
is better built to handle fragmentation so it may not be very applicable for Apple
systems.
2. Dim your screen - Most laptops come with the ability to dim your laptop screen.
Some even come with ways to modify CPU and cooling performance. Cut them
down to the lowest level you can tolerate to squeeze out some extra battery juice.
3. Cut down on programs running in the background. Itunes, Desktop Search, etc.
All these add to the CPU load and cut down battery life. Shut down everything that
isn’t crucial when you’re on battery.
4. Cut down external devices - USB devices (including your mouse) & WiFi drain
down your laptop battery. Remove or shut them down when not in use. It goes
without saying that charging other devices (like your iPod) with your laptop when on
battery is a surefire way of quickly wiping out the charge on your laptop battery.
5. Add more RAM - This will allow you to process more with the memory your laptop
has, rather than relying on virtual memory. Virtual memory results in hard drive use,
and is much less power efficient. Note that adding more RAM will consume more
energy, so this is most applicable if you do need to run memory intensive programs
which actually require heavy usage of virtual memory.
6. Run off a hard drive rather than CD/DVD - As power consuming as hard drives
are, CD and DVD drives are worse. Even having one in the drive can be power
consuming. They spin, taking power, even when they?re not actively being used.
Wherever possible, try to run on virtual drives using programs like Alcohol 120%
rather than optical ones.
7. Keep the battery contacts clean: Clean your battery’s metal contacts every couple
of months with a cloth moistened with rubbing alcohol. This keeps the transfer of
power from your battery more efficient.
8. Take care of your battery - Exercise the Battery. Do not leave a charged battery
dormant for long periods of time. Once charged, you should at least use the battery
at least once every two to three weeks. Also, do not let a Li-On battery completely
discharge. (Discharing is only for older batteries with memory effects)
9. Hibernate not standby - Although placing a laptop in standby mode saves some
power and you can instantly resume where you left off, it doesn’t save anywhere as
much power as the hibernate function does. Hibernating a PC will actually save
your PC’s state as it is, and completely shut itself down.
10. Keep operating temperature down - Your laptop operates more efficiently when
it’s cooler. Clean out your air vents with a cloth or keyboard cleaner, or refer to some
extra tips by LapTopMag.com.
11. Set up and optimize your power options - Go to ‘Power Options’ in your windows
control panel and set it up so that power usage is optimized (Select the ‘max battery’
for maximum effect).
12. Don’t multitask - Do one thing at a time when you’re on battery. Rather than
working on a spreadsheet, letting your email client run in the background and
listening to your latest set of MP3’s, set your mind to one thing only. If you don’t
you’ll only drain out your batteries before anything gets completed!
13. Go easy on the PC demands - The more you demand from your PC. Passive
activities like email and word processing consume much less power than gaming or
playing a DVD. If you’ve got a single battery charge - pick your priorities wisely.
14. Get yourself a more efficient laptop - Laptops are getting more and more
efficient in nature to the point where some manufacturers are talking about all day
long batteries. Picking up a newer more efficient laptop to replace an aging one is
usually a quick fix.
15. Prevent the Memory Effect - If you’re using a very old laptop, you’ll want to
prevent the ‘memory effect’ - Keep the battery healthy by fully charging and then
fully discharging it at least once every two to three weeks.
Exceptions to the rule are Li-Ion batteries (which most laptops have) which do not
suffer from the memory effect. Bonus Tip #1: Turn off the autosave function.
MS-Word’s and Excel’s autosave functions are great but because they keep saving
regular intervals, they work your hard driver harder than it may have to. If you plan to
do this, you may want to turn it back on as the battery runs low. While it saves
battery life in the beginning, you will want to make sure your work is saved when
your battery dies. Bonus Tip #2: Lower the graphics use. You can do this by
changing the screen resolution and shutting off fancy graphic drivers. Graphics
cards (video cards) use as much or more power today as hard disks Bonus Tip #1
to give caution about turning off autosave, tip #8 to change information about
discharging batteries - thanks to all who pointed it out. Added Bonus tip #2, Tip #1 to
add in clause in regards to Mac OSX, Tip #1 about the spinning of hard drives -
thanks to all who pointed it out
quickly when you’re constantly looking for the nearest power outlet to charge up.
How do you keep your battery going for as long as possible? Here are 15 easy ways
to do so.
1. Defrag regularly - The faster your hard drive does its work - less demand you are
going to put on the hard drive and your battery. Make your hard drive as efficient as
possible by defragging it regularly. (but not while it’s on battery of course!) Mac OSX
is better built to handle fragmentation so it may not be very applicable for Apple
systems.
2. Dim your screen - Most laptops come with the ability to dim your laptop screen.
Some even come with ways to modify CPU and cooling performance. Cut them
down to the lowest level you can tolerate to squeeze out some extra battery juice.
3. Cut down on programs running in the background. Itunes, Desktop Search, etc.
All these add to the CPU load and cut down battery life. Shut down everything that
isn’t crucial when you’re on battery.
4. Cut down external devices - USB devices (including your mouse) & WiFi drain
down your laptop battery. Remove or shut them down when not in use. It goes
without saying that charging other devices (like your iPod) with your laptop when on
battery is a surefire way of quickly wiping out the charge on your laptop battery.
5. Add more RAM - This will allow you to process more with the memory your laptop
has, rather than relying on virtual memory. Virtual memory results in hard drive use,
and is much less power efficient. Note that adding more RAM will consume more
energy, so this is most applicable if you do need to run memory intensive programs
which actually require heavy usage of virtual memory.
6. Run off a hard drive rather than CD/DVD - As power consuming as hard drives
are, CD and DVD drives are worse. Even having one in the drive can be power
consuming. They spin, taking power, even when they?re not actively being used.
Wherever possible, try to run on virtual drives using programs like Alcohol 120%
rather than optical ones.
7. Keep the battery contacts clean: Clean your battery’s metal contacts every couple
of months with a cloth moistened with rubbing alcohol. This keeps the transfer of
power from your battery more efficient.
8. Take care of your battery - Exercise the Battery. Do not leave a charged battery
dormant for long periods of time. Once charged, you should at least use the battery
at least once every two to three weeks. Also, do not let a Li-On battery completely
discharge. (Discharing is only for older batteries with memory effects)
9. Hibernate not standby - Although placing a laptop in standby mode saves some
power and you can instantly resume where you left off, it doesn’t save anywhere as
much power as the hibernate function does. Hibernating a PC will actually save
your PC’s state as it is, and completely shut itself down.
10. Keep operating temperature down - Your laptop operates more efficiently when
it’s cooler. Clean out your air vents with a cloth or keyboard cleaner, or refer to some
extra tips by LapTopMag.com.
11. Set up and optimize your power options - Go to ‘Power Options’ in your windows
control panel and set it up so that power usage is optimized (Select the ‘max battery’
for maximum effect).
12. Don’t multitask - Do one thing at a time when you’re on battery. Rather than
working on a spreadsheet, letting your email client run in the background and
listening to your latest set of MP3’s, set your mind to one thing only. If you don’t
you’ll only drain out your batteries before anything gets completed!
13. Go easy on the PC demands - The more you demand from your PC. Passive
activities like email and word processing consume much less power than gaming or
playing a DVD. If you’ve got a single battery charge - pick your priorities wisely.
14. Get yourself a more efficient laptop - Laptops are getting more and more
efficient in nature to the point where some manufacturers are talking about all day
long batteries. Picking up a newer more efficient laptop to replace an aging one is
usually a quick fix.
15. Prevent the Memory Effect - If you’re using a very old laptop, you’ll want to
prevent the ‘memory effect’ - Keep the battery healthy by fully charging and then
fully discharging it at least once every two to three weeks.
Exceptions to the rule are Li-Ion batteries (which most laptops have) which do not
suffer from the memory effect. Bonus Tip #1: Turn off the autosave function.
MS-Word’s and Excel’s autosave functions are great but because they keep saving
regular intervals, they work your hard driver harder than it may have to. If you plan to
do this, you may want to turn it back on as the battery runs low. While it saves
battery life in the beginning, you will want to make sure your work is saved when
your battery dies. Bonus Tip #2: Lower the graphics use. You can do this by
changing the screen resolution and shutting off fancy graphic drivers. Graphics
cards (video cards) use as much or more power today as hard disks Bonus Tip #1
to give caution about turning off autosave, tip #8 to change information about
discharging batteries - thanks to all who pointed it out. Added Bonus tip #2, Tip #1 to
add in clause in regards to Mac OSX, Tip #1 about the spinning of hard drives -
thanks to all who pointed it out
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